Four forms, two of which decline and two of which never do. Required at B2 — and the reason written Polish reads so differently from spoken Polish.
🗺️ The four, at a glance
Polish has four participles. They split cleanly on two questions: does it behave like an adjective or an adverb? and is the action simultaneous or earlier?
Participle
Ending
Behaves like
Built from
Example
przymiotnikowy czynny adjectival active
-ący
adjective — declines
imperfective only
czytający — reading / who reads
przymiotnikowy bierny adjectival passive
-ny · -ony · -ty
adjective — declines
transitive verbs
napisany — written
przysłówkowy współczesny adverbial contemporary
-ąc
adverb — never changes
imperfective only
czytając — while reading
przysłówkowy uprzedni adverbial anterior
-wszy · -łszy
adverb — never changes
perfective only
przeczytawszy — having read
The B2 standard treats these unequally. Adjectival participles must be formed and declined. Adverbial contemporary must be formed and used. Adverbial anterior needs only to be recognised — you must understand zjadłszy when you read it, but you are not required to produce it. That asymmetry is in the regulation, and it tells you where to spend your effort.
1️⃣ Adjectival active — -ący
Describes a noun that is doing something. English uses a relative clause ("the man who is reading") or an -ing form ("the reading man").
take 3rd person plural present → drop -ą → add -ący
Working people have no time. — masculine-personal plural
Only from imperfective verbs. There is no ✗ przeczytający. A perfective verb views the action as finished, so it cannot describe someone mid-action. If you need "the person who read it", use a relative clause: osoba, która to przeczytała.
2️⃣ Adjectival passive — -ny · -ony · -ty
Describes a noun that something was done to. This is the form that builds the passive voice, so it earns its keep twice.
It declines like any adjective: napisany · napisana · napisane · napisanego · napisanym …
List napisany przez Annę leży na stole.
leest nah-pee-SAH-ni pshes AHN-neh LEH-zhi nah STOH-leh.
The letter written by Anna is lying on the table. — note przez + accusative for the agent
Kupione wczoraj jabłka są słodkie.
koo-PYOH-neh VCHO-rai YAHP-kah sohm SWOT-kyeh.
The apples bought yesterday are sweet.
Okno jest otwarte.
OK-noh yest ot-FAR-teh.
The window is open. — the -ty type
Zmęczony pracą, poszedłem spać.
zmen-CHOH-ni PRAH-tsohm, poh-SHED-wem spahch.
Tired from work, I went to sleep. — participle opening the sentence
Nie znam tego napisanego tekstu.
nyeh znahm TEH-goh nah-pee-SAH-neh-goh TEKS-too.
I don't know that written text. — genitive after negation, participle agrees
Dom budowany przez nich jest duży.
dohm boo-doh-VAH-ni pshes neeh yest DOO-zhi.
The house being built by them is large. — imperfective passive participle: still in progress
Aspect shows through here too. Budowany (from imperfective budować) means "being built"; zbudowany (perfective) means "built, finished". Same slot in the sentence, different claim about the house.
3️⃣ Adverbial contemporary — -ąc
Two things happening at once, by the same subject. English: "while doing X…" or just "doing X, …".
same stem as the active adjectival, but ending -ąc and never changing
czytać → czytając · iść → idąc · mówić → mówiąc · być → będąc
The subject must be the same in both halves.Czytając gazetę, piłem kawę is fine — I read and I drank. But ✗ Czytając gazetę, zadzwonił telefon is wrong, because the phone was not reading the newspaper. This is the single most common participle error, and it is just as wrong in Polish as the dangling modifier is in English.
Czytając gazetę, piłem kawę.
chi-TAH-yonts gah-ZEH-teh, PEE-wem KAH-veh.
While reading the newspaper, I drank coffee.
Idąc do domu, spotkałem Marka.
EE-donts doh DOH-moo, spot-KAH-wem MAR-kah.
Walking home, I met Marek.
Mówiąc szczerze, nie wiem.
MOO-vyonts SHCHEH-zheh, nyeh vyem.
Speaking frankly, I don't know. — a fixed expression worth memorising whole
Będąc w Krakowie, odwiedziłem muzeum.
BEN-donts f krah-KOH-vyeh, od-vyeh-DZHEE-wem moo-ZEH-oom.
While in Kraków, I visited the museum. — from być
4️⃣ Adverbial anterior — -wszy · -łszy
One action finished, then the next — same subject again. English: "having done X, …". This is distinctly literary; you will meet it in written Polish far more than in speech.
perfective past stem + -wszy after a vowel, -łszy after a consonant
At B2 you need only recognise these. If one appears in a reading passage, understand that it marks a completed prior action by the same subject. You are not expected to produce them, and in your own writing a plain Kiedy przeczytałem gazetę, wyszedłem is perfectly good Polish.
Przeczytawszy gazetę, wyszedłem.
psheh-chi-TAHF-shi gah-ZEH-teh, vi-SHED-wem.
Having read the newspaper, I left. — reading finished first
Zjadłszy obiad, poszliśmy na spacer.
ZYAHT-shi OH-byat, posh-LEESH-mi nah SPAH-tser.
Having eaten dinner, we went for a walk. — -łszy after a consonant
Napisawszy list, wysłałem go.
nah-pee-SAHF-shi leest, vi-SWAH-wem goh.
Having written the letter, I sent it.
🧪 Check yourself
Cover the right column. Decide which of the four is needed, and in which form.
Participles are what let written Polish compress a relative clause into a single word. Press articles, official letters and literary prose lean on them constantly — which is exactly the material the reading module draws from.
Instead of
Written Polish prefers
człowiek, który czyta gazetę
człowiek czytający gazetę
list, który napisała Anna
list napisany przez Annę
kiedy czytałem gazetę, piłem kawę
czytając gazetę, piłem kawę
That right-hand column is the register step-up the B2 standard describes: given several valid ways to say one thing, choosing the one that fits the text type. Relative clauses are never wrong — but a formal letter written entirely in który clauses reads as a B1 text.