🎓 Lesson 3
Time to move beyond the present. Past and future tense let you tell stories and make plans; adverbs, gendered adjectives, and noun case forms let you describe the world with real precision.
Past Tense: Was / Had / Liked⏩ 0:00
Polish past tense agrees with the speaker's gender — "byłem" (I was, said by a man) vs "byłam" (I was, said by a woman).
| Pronoun | Być — Past Tense (Was/Were) |
|---|---|
| Ja (yah) I | byłem/byłam (BI-wem/BI-wam) I was |
| Ty (ti) You | byłeś/byłaś (BI-wesh/BI-wash) You were |
| On (ohn) He | był (biw) He was |
| Ona (OH-nah) She | była (BI-wah) She was |
| My (mi) We | byliśmy/byłyśmy (bi-LEESH-mi/bi-WISH-mi) We were |
| Wy (vi) You all | byliście/byłyście (bi-LEESH-cheh/bi-WISH-cheh) You all were |
| Oni (OH-nee) They (masc/mixed) | byli (BI-lee) They were |
| One (OH-neh) They (feminine) | były (BI-wi) They were |
| Pronoun | Mieć — Past Tense (Had) |
|---|---|
| Ja (yah) I | miałem/miałam (MYAH-wem/MYAH-wam) I had |
| Ty (ti) You | miałeś/miałaś (MYAH-wesh/MYAH-wash) You had |
| On (ohn) He | miał (myahw) He had |
| Ona (OH-nah) She | miała (MYAH-wah) She had |
| My (mi) We | mieliśmy/miałyśmy (myeh-LEESH-mi/myah-WISH-mi) We had |
| Wy (vi) You all | mieliście/miałyście (myeh-LEESH-cheh/myah-WISH-cheh) You all had |
| Oni (OH-nee) They (masc/mixed) | mieli (MYEH-lee) They had |
| One (OH-neh) They (feminine) | miały (MYAH-wi) They had |
| Pronoun | Lubić — Past Tense (Liked) |
|---|---|
| Ja (yah) I | lubiłem/lubiłam (loo-BEE-wem/loo-BEE-wam) I liked |
| Ty (ti) You | lubiłeś/lubiłaś (loo-BEE-wesh/loo-BEE-wash) You liked |
| On (ohn) He | lubił (loo-BEEW) He liked |
| Ona (OH-nah) She | lubiła (loo-BEE-wah) She liked |
| My (mi) We | lubiliśmy/lubiłyśmy (loo-bee-LEESH-mi/loo-bee-WISH-mi) We liked |
| Wy (vi) You all | lubiliście/lubiłyście (loo-bee-LEESH-cheh/loo-bee-WISH-cheh) You all liked |
| Oni (OH-nee) They (masc/mixed) | lubili (loo-BEE-lee) They liked |
| One (OH-neh) They (feminine) | lubiły (loo-BEE-wi) They liked |
| Pronoun | Iść — Past Tense (Went/Was Going) |
|---|---|
| Ja (yah) I | szedłem/szłam (SHED-wem/SHWAHM) I went |
| Ty (ti) You | szedłeś/szłaś (SHED-wesh/SHWASH) You went |
| On (ohn) He | szedł (ohn shedw) He went |
| Ona (OH-nah) She | szła (OH-nah SHWAH) She went |
| My (mi) We | szliśmy/szłyśmy (SHLEESH-mi/SHWISH-mi) We went |
| Wy (vi) You all | szliście/szłyście (SHLEESH-cheh/SHWISH-cheh) You all went |
| Oni (OH-nee) They (masc/mixed) | szli (shlee) They went |
| One (OH-neh) They (feminine) | szły (shwi) They went |
| Pronoun | Zrobić — Past Tense (Did/Made) |
|---|---|
| Ja (yah) I | zrobiłem/zrobiłam (zroh-BEE-wem/zroh-BEE-wam) I did/made |
| Ty (ti) You | zrobiłeś/zrobiłaś (zroh-BEE-wesh/zroh-BEE-wash) You did/made |
| On (ohn) He | zrobił (ZROH-beew) He did/made |
| Ona (OH-nah) She | zrobiła (zroh-BEE-wah) She did/made |
| My (mi) We | zrobiliśmy/zrobiłyśmy (zroh-bee-LEESH-mi/zroh-bee-WISH-mi) We did/made |
| Wy (vi) You all | zrobiliście/zrobiłyście (zroh-bee-LEESH-cheh/zroh-bee-WISH-cheh) You all did/made |
| Oni (OH-nee) They (masc/mixed) | zrobili (zroh-BEE-lee) They did/made |
| One (OH-neh) They (feminine) | zrobiły (zroh-BEE-wi) They did/made |
| Pronoun | Chcieć — Past Tense (Wanted) |
|---|---|
| Ja (yah) I | chciałem/chciałam (KHCHAH-wem/KHCHAH-wam) I wanted |
| Ty (ti) You | chciałeś/chciałaś (KHCHAH-wesh/KHCHAH-wash) You wanted |
| On (ohn) He | chciał (khchahw) He wanted |
| Ona (OH-nah) She | chciała (KHCHAH-wah) She wanted |
| My (mi) We | chcieliśmy/chciałyśmy (khcheh-LEESH-mi/khchah-WISH-mi) We wanted |
| Wy (vi) You all | chcieliście/chciałyście (khcheh-LEESH-cheh/khchah-WISH-cheh) You all wanted |
| Oni (OH-nee) They (masc/mixed) | chcieli (KHCHEH-lee) They wanted |
| One (OH-neh) They (feminine) | chciały (KHCHAH-wi) They wanted |
| Pronoun | Widzieć — Past Tense (Saw) |
|---|---|
| Ja (yah) I | widziałem/widziałam (vee-DZAH-wem/vee-DZAH-wam) I saw |
| Ty (ti) You | widziałeś/widziałaś (vee-DZAH-wesh/vee-DZAH-wash) You saw |
| On (ohn) He | widział (vee-DZAHW) He saw |
| Ona (OH-nah) She | widziała (vee-DZAH-wah) She saw |
| My (mi) We | widzieliśmy/widziałyśmy (vee-dzeh-LEESH-mi/vee-dzah-WISH-mi) We saw |
| Wy (vi) You all | widzieliście/widziałyście (vee-dzeh-LEESH-cheh/vee-dzah-WISH-cheh) You all saw |
| Oni (OH-nee) They (masc/mixed) | widzieli (vee-DZEH-lee) They saw |
| One (OH-neh) They (feminine) | widziały (vee-DZAH-wi) They saw |
Comparative Adjectives⏩ 4:28
"-szy" turns a base adjective into its comparative form: big → bigger.
Superlative Adjectives⏩ 4:44
Add "naj-" to the front of a comparative to get the superlative: bigger → biggest.
Negation⏩ 5:27
"Nie" before the verb negates past, present, or future tense the same way.
Questions⏩ 5:48
Question words work the same in past and future tense as they do in the present.
Future Tense: Will Be⏩ 6:01
"Będę" also combines with other verbs' infinitives for their future: będę + lubić = I will like.
| Pronoun | Być — Future Tense (Will Be) |
|---|---|
| Ja (yah) I | będę (BEN-deh) I will be |
| Ty (ti) You | będziesz (BEN-dzhesh) You will be |
| On (ohn) He | będzie (BEN-dzhe) He will be |
| Ona (OH-nah) She | będzie (BEN-dzhe) She will be |
| My (mi) We | będziemy (ben-DZHE-mi) We will be |
| Wy (vi) You all | będziecie (ben-DZHE-cheh) You all will be |
| Oni (OH-nee) They (masc/mixed) | będą (BEN-dohm) They will be |
| One (OH-neh) They (feminine) | będą (BEN-dohm) They will be |
Adverbs⏩ 6:48
Time words (dziś, jutro, zawsze...) and manner words (szybko, dobrze...) that modify verbs.
Adjectives: Gender Agreement⏩ 7:31
Polish adjectives change ending to match the noun's gender: -y (masc.), -a (fem.), -e (neut.).
| Meaning | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter |
|---|---|---|---|
| big | DUŻY (DOO-zhi) | DUŻA (DOO-zhah) | DUŻE (DOO-zheh) |
| small | MAŁY (MAH-wi) | MAŁA (MAH-wah) | MAŁE (MAH-weh) |
| good | DOBRY (DOH-bri) | DOBRA (DOH-brah) | DOBRE (DOH-breh) |
| bad | ZŁY (zwi) | ZŁA (zwah) | ZŁE (zweh) |
| new | NOWY (NOH-vi) | NOWA (NOH-vah) | NOWE (NOH-veh) |
| old | STARY (STAH-ri) | STARA (STAH-rah) | STARE (STAH-reh) |
Noun Cases: Nominative vs. Genitive/Object Form⏩ 8:58
Polish nouns change form depending on their role in the sentence — this is why "pies" becomes "psa" when it's not the subject.
| Nominative | Genitive / Object Form |
|---|---|
| Dom (dohm) House (nominative) | Domu (DOH-moo) of/from the house (genitive) |
| Pies (pyess) Dog (nominative) | Psa (psah) dog (object form) |
| Kot (koht) Cat (nominative) | Kota (KOH-tah) cat (object form) |
| Szkoła (SHKOH-wah) School (nominative) | Szkoły (SHKOH-wi) of/from the school (genitive) |
| Książka (KSHYONZH-kah) Book (nominative) | Książki (KSHYONZH-kee) of the book (genitive) |
| Samochód (sah-moh-KHOOT) Car (nominative) | Samochodu (sah-moh-KHOH-doo) of the car (genitive) |
Targeted Practice Sentences⏩ 10:17
🎴 Flashcard Practice
🧩 Interactive: Fill-in-the-Blank Quiz
Fill in the missing verb form, adverb, adjective, or case form, then check yourself.
Learning Strategy
Don't try to memorize every past-tense ending at once — notice the pattern instead. Every past-tense verb ends in -łem/-łam (I), -łeś/-łaś (you), -ł/-ła (he/she), and so on, no matter which verb it is. Learn the pattern with "być," and "miał," "lubił," and every other verb you meet will already feel familiar.